The Lord appears to Abraham in Gen 12:7, Gen 17:1
Angel of the Lord
- same as Yahweh Gen 16.13 Hagar "I have seen". start of idea that people can look at God and not die cf. Gen 32:30; Exo 24:9-11
- sent by/stands alongside Yahweh: Genesis 24:40, Num. 20:16, , Zech 1:12-13
- seen/perceived by men
Hagar Gen 16:7
Isaac Gen 22:15ff
Jacob Gen 31:11, Gen 48:15
Moses Exo 3:2; cloud and fire Exo 13:21, Exo 14:19; Exo 23:20; Exo 24:9-11; Exo 32:34; Exo 33:2 Num 20:16; Isa 63:9 Exo 23:20ff my name is in him
Exo 33:14 "my face shall go" with you cf. Jude 5, Isa 63:9
Josh 5:14 captain of the host cf. Josh 6:2 Yahweh; Matt 26:53 legions of angels
Judges, 6:11-24; 13:3-23;
David 2 Sam 14:4-20; 2 Sam 24:14-17; 1 Chron 21:11-30; 2 Kings 19:35; Isa 37:36
Elijah 1 Kings 19:5-7
Ezekiel 1:1-28
Daniel 3:23-29
Jehovah sends the angel: Gen 24:7, 40; Num 20:16; Zech 1:12-13 angel speaks to Jehovah
John 1:18 no one has seen God
- contrasted with angels
Gen 18, 19 three men
view of ancient commentators, YHWH accompanied by lower angels
key: Gen 18:22 "the men turned and went to Sodom, BUT Abraham stood before the LORD."
God "goes down to see" through his angels, instruments who execute judgment
Gen 31:11ff Jacob. ascending and descending. Angel names him, blesses. cf. Gen 48:15-16 God and Angel equated
physical revelations of Yahweh is in his Angel
Angel in conversation with Yahweh – “with God,” stands alongside
Term disappears after incarnation
- Seed of woman Gen 3:15,
- prophet like Moses Deut 18:15-19
believed by Philip, John 1:46; Samaritans, John 4:25; 5:46 Moses wrote about me
gives shape to the harsh judgment upon the Jews, who claim to trust Moses (Luke 23:44, *Acts 3:22,23) also Luke 11:50-51 blood of all prophets required of this generation (who rejected THE prophet!). Jesus sums up the prophetic office as an ideal.
Matt 17:5 "listen to him!" cf. Isa 42
Aaron and Miriam cannot claim to be like Moses, Num 12:6ff
Israelite history
broadly, God must demonstrate that man cannot be the agent of reconciliation. God must come down to lift man up. Does not allow our limitations to inhibit his purposes. Achieving this through Israel demonstrates his power, wisdom, and glory.
Calvin: "He comes down low where we were to bring us up to where he was"
Luther: forming a womb in Israel for the incarnation; providing a matrix for the coming down of the Son of God; salvation is from the Jews, preparation.
Israel provides conceptual tools for understanding God; "community of reciprocity" in which God's Word produces a response toward God
(Modernist project removes the Jesus from history becomes unreal and impersonal)
Recapitulation of Israel's story is essential hermeneutic for understanding OT
Three offices hashed out in OT (corresponds to tripartite structure?). imperfect shadows perfected in person of Christ
(cf. 1 Kgs 19:16b), priest (cf. Exod. 30:30), and king
(cf. 2 Sam. 5:3).
1. shepherd-king. Mark 6:34; Mark 9:36. Ps 23. gathering, leading, feeding
2. priest. Heb 4:15; representative; intercession;
3. prophet. like Moses. announcing truth. Heb 1
Types: figure or representation of something to come; usually in the form of persons, events, things, institutions, ceremonies; (prophet priest king)
Seed of woman Gen 3:15 cf Gal 4:4 allusion to virgin birth cf, Isa 7:14
offering of Abel Gen 4:7
faith of the OT saints Heb 11:11,26
Adam - Rom 5:14, Rom 5:12-21; 1 Cor 15:45ff
Abel - Heb 11:4
Melchizedek Gen 14; Ps 110:4; Heb 5-7
Isaac
Benjamin "son of my right hand"
Joseph: birth Gen 30:22; loved Gen 37:3; hated Gen 37:4, rejected; sold, conspired against, condemned unjustly; exalted; savior
Moses: born under danger; Gentile bride; Deut 18:15-19
Joshua: success and victory vs Moses Rom 8:3-4; dispenser of gift Josh 13; distinction from Moses Exo 33:11
Redeemer: Lev 25:48, Ruth 3:12-13; Heb 2:14; 1 Pet 1:18; Gal 3:13
Prophet like Moses
Deut 18:15-19
believed by Philip, John 1:46; Samaritans, John 4:25; John 5:46 Moses wrote about me
gives shape to the harsh judgment upon the Jews, who claim to trust Moses (Luke 23:44, *Acts 3:22,23) also Luke 11:50-51 blood of all prophets required of this generation (who rejected THE prophet!). Jesus sums up the prophetic office as an ideal.
Matt 17:5 "listen to him!" cf. Isa 42
Aaron and Miriam cannot claim to be like Moses, Num 12:6ff
Events and Things
Clothing for Adam and Eve: Gen 3:21 cf. Job 29:14, Ps 132:9, Isa 61:10; Rom 3:22, Rev 19:8
Ark 2 Peter 2:5
provision in Egypt: Exo 16:4, 17:6; 1 Cor 10:4
Tabernacle: bread, light, incense; curtain; mercy seat;
serpent Num 21:5, rod Num 17, rock, scarlet thread, water, tree of life,
Sacrifices
"life in the blood" Lev 17:11. blood meant to give life --> spilled blood signifies death and decreation; only solution of the problem is to spill, splash, sprinkle THE blood of the lifegiver. atonement always mirrors and mimics the sin
lamb of God John 1:29, submission 1 Pet 2:21-23
bulls and goats: bearing and removing sin scapegoat Lev 16:5ff
burnt offering: consumed in wrath; eaten in one sitting (finished, sufficient work)
purifying from heifer Num 19:17
dove/pigeon Lev 1:14, Lev 5:7 became poor 2 Cor 8:9; leprosy Lev 14:4
Aaronic priesthood
shadow of the reality; inferior, but reflective Heb 5
image of king (to the people) servant (before God)
Feasts: holiness, no work; first fruits 1 Cor 15:20 (resurrection); pentecost; atonement Lev 16:15 cf. Rom 3:25, Heb 9;
Cities of refuge: Num 35, Deut 19, Josh 20; can return at death of high priest cf. Ps 46:1; Psalm 142:5; Isa 4:6
Messianic Prophecies and Threefold office (Reading: O’Collins, “The Jewish Matrix”)
Prophetism in Israel
Prophet: appointed speaker for divine superior; ambassador e.g. Aaron for Moses
rise of theocratic kingdom gives rise to prophetism
God leads his people first through phases of having no king, then having wrong king to reveal the need for an ideal king who would properly reflect the kingdom of God
NOT a political office, they carried the words of Yahweh. with decline of the monarchy, prophets thought of as unpatriotic. kings and prophets become enemies
exilic prophets: not repair but complete, eschatological regeneration
difference between Samuel and later prophets: later ones began writing their prophecies. from about Amos onwards, the "new" things envisioned by later prophets would last a long time. eventually, prophetism begins to see history as a whole, with a goal
Growth of messianic expectation during decline of Israel’s monarchy, especially exile. Righteous deliver to come to restore Israel’s glory.
Preparation: Mal 3:1, Isa. 40:3 John the Baptist
Fulfillment of 3-fold office (Israel in its ideal state is forgiven, listens to God, and abides by his covenant); offices come into harmony, He shall be a priest upon his throne” (Zech. 6:13).
Messianic prophesies
Kingship from Judah, of David, perpetual (Genesis 49:10, Num 24:7, 2 Sam 7:12-16, Isaiah 9:6-7, Isa. 11:1-9, Jer. 23:5-6, Dan 9:25); execute justice, protect, save, make war. Also, humble, suffering servant of the Lord. True Israelite identity came to be associated with exile and oppression. Zech 9:9, Isaiah 42:1-7; Isa 49:1-7; Isa 52:13—53:12.
Worker of miracles as proof of call and anointing, inbreaking of God’s kingdom. Isaiah 35:5-6
In light of continued political pressure, Jer, Ezekiel emphasize spiritual element (new covenant, new heart Jer 31:31, Eze 36:26); Zech blends governor and priest Zech 4:14 “two anointed ones”
As oppression continues and restoration is anti-climactic, messianic hope turns apocalyptic and cosmic. God’s operations in the world include all the nations, and forces of darkness are very much engaged and influence political sphere.
